Population: 10,640,000 · Languages: PT, EN
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Portugal is located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, bordered by Spain to the north and east and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west. Its territory consists of the mainland and two autonomous island regions, the Azores and Madeira. Lisbon serves as the capital and largest city. The mainland contains the westernmost point of continental Europe, while the highest peak is Mount Pico in the Azores.
The Portuguese Republic emerged from a long-standing monarchy. Two formative events include the Age of Discovery and the subsequent loss of its colonial empire. Following 1945, the country transitioned from an authoritarian regime to a democracy after the 1974 Carnation Revolution. It is currently a unitary republic with a semi-presidential system.
The economy relies heavily on tourism, services, and light manufacturing. While Lisbon and Porto are economic hubs, the interior regions face significant depopulation and lower investment. Foreigners may find opportunities in tech hubs and shared service centers, but low average wages compared to EU averages remain a structural weakness. Traditional agriculture and fishing sectors offer limited high-skill employment.
You will find a country with a strong global diaspora and a relatively low cost of living compared to Northern Europe, though housing in major cities is now expensive. Proficiency in Portuguese is essential for integration and professional growth beyond the English-speaking tech bubble. A specific friction is the bureaucratic complexity of the administrative processes for residency and work permits.
| Indicator | Year | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| As of 2024 vamosa — Affordability ratio (calculated) | 2024 | 1,126 | vamosa — Affordability ratio (calculated) |
| 2024 | 85 | Eurostat — AIC per capita, volume index (prc_ppp_ind), 2023 | |
| 2025 | €14,465 | Eurostat — Median equivalised net income (ilc_di04), 2023 | |
| 2026 | €1,073 | Eurostat — Statutory monthly minimum wages (earn_mw_cur), 2024 | |
| 2024 | 85 | Eurostat — Comparative price levels (prc_ppp_ind), 2023 |
| Indicator | Year | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | 6.0 % | Eurostat — Unemployment rate (une_rt_a), 2024 | |
| 2025 | 19.5 % | Eurostat — Youth unemployment rate (une_rt_a, 15-24), 2024 |
| Indicator | Year | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| As of 2024 EF English Proficiency Index 2024 | 2024 | 590.0 | EF English Proficiency Index 2024 |
| Indicator | Year | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 57.0 | Transparency International — Corruption Perceptions Index 2024 | |
| As of 2025 ILGA-Europe Rainbow Europe Index 2025 | 2025 | 67.0 | ILGA-Europe Rainbow Europe Index 2025 |
| As of 2024 RSF World Press Freedom Index 2024 | 2024 | 85.9 | RSF World Press Freedom Index 2024 |
| Indicator | Year | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| As of 2024 World Happiness Report 2024 | 2024 | 6.0 | World Happiness Report 2024 |
| 2020 | 81.0 | MIPEX 2020 — Migrant Integration Policy Index |
Along the migration timeline: what to clarify, file and plan, and when. Click any chapter for the detail; each phase carries its own links, forms and contact points.
This detail page is a working draft. Content and source references are under editorial review.
Portugal has around 10.4 million inhabitants and has a particular reputation among third-country nationals as one of the more accessible EU destinations: relatively short naturalisation timelines, an established Portuguese-speaking community network linking Portugal to Brazil, Cabo Verde, Angola, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau and Timor-Leste (the CPLP — Community of Portuguese Language Countries), and a public administration that has steadily improved English-language accessibility for migrants. Portugal's migration system runs primarily through AIMA (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo, the successor to SEF since 2023), the Autoridade Tributária for the NIF (tax number), the Segurança Social for the NISS (social-security number), and the Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS) for healthcare. The chapters below follow the timeline of a migration: what you clarify in your home country, what happens in your first weeks in Portugal, what is on the agenda in the first months, how your stay stabilises — and which contact points help you at each stage.
Cities & Regions
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Pick the right AIMA permit category, find a job or study place, prepare documents and recognition, plan housing realistically (Lisbon and Porto are tight), set up the digital basics around NIF and Chave Móvel Digital.
Phase 1 in Portugal has been going through significant administrative reorganisation since the 2023 reform that replaced SEF (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras) with AIMA (Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo). The transition has produced backlog and procedural uncertainty in some areas; plan 3 to 8 months for phase 1 and confirm current procedural details on aima.gov.pt before submission.
The permit category depends on the migration purpose. The main paths for non-EU nationals:
The official portal at aima.gov.pt has substantial English-language content. The CPLP residence-permit track is genuinely distinctive in EU terms.
Job search. Portugal's economy includes strong tourism and hospitality (countrywide), call centres and shared services (Lisbon and Porto have major BPO hubs), tech (Lisbon as one of Europe's growing tech ecosystems with Web Summit hosted there annually), pharmaceuticals (Hovione, Bial), automotive components, and traditional sectors (textiles, footwear, wine, cork — the last with Portugal as world leader).
Major sources:
Portuguese CV expectations: 2 pages, often with photo, formal tone, comprehensive education and language list. Cover letter standard. Personal connections (rede de contactos) are influential.
Studies. Portugal has 14 public universities, 20 polytechnic institutes, and various private institutions. Major institutions: Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade do Porto, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Lisbon, with Nova SBE for business), Universidade de Coimbra (one of Europe's oldest), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Universidade do Minho, Universidade de Aveiro, ISCTE-IUL.
Application for non-EU students through the Estatuto do Estudante Internacional track for first-cycle (bachelor's), via the institution's own platform for second and third cycles. Each university manages its calendar; main intake autumn semester with deadlines spanning April–July depending on institution.
Tuition fees for non-EU international students: typically €1 250–€7 000/year at public universities depending on programme; private universities charge significantly more. Many programmes available in English at master's and PhD level.
Scholarships: Fulbright Portugal for US-Portugal exchange, FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) for doctoral and postdoctoral research, Erasmus Mundus at EU level, institution-specific scholarships especially for CPLP-country students.
Academic recognition in Portugal runs through the Direção-Geral do Ensino Superior (DGES) for higher-education degrees. The standard product is reconhecimento automático (automatic recognition for selected degrees from listed institutions) or reconhecimento de nível (level recognition for others). Application online via the DGES portal; cost typically €105–€440 depending on level; processing 2–4 months.
For regulated professions:
Portugal has high English proficiency in Lisbon, Porto and university towns, but daily life away from the urban core runs in Portuguese. Realistic levels:
Note for CPLP citizens: Portuguese as a heritage or first language is the practical default. Brazilian Portuguese is treated as the same language for administrative purposes; some pronunciation and vocabulary differences are noted but irrelevant for documentation.
Where to learn before arrival:
Recognised exams: CIPLE / DEPLE / DIPLE / DAPLE / DUPLE (the Centro de Avaliação de Português Língua Estrangeira ladder, A2 to C2), administered through Camões IP and university centres.
Items to collect at home:
Translation: documents in CPLP-country Portuguese variants are accepted directly. For other languages, certified translation is required for documents to be entered into Portuguese registries; Apostille for Hague Convention countries.
The Portuguese housing market has been under significant rental pressure especially in Lisbon and Porto since 2017 due to tourism, gentrification and Golden Visa demand. Lisbon one-bedroom: €900–€1 500/month in central areas in 2026; Porto: €700–€1 200/month. Smaller cities (Coimbra, Braga, Aveiro, Setúbal) are markedly cheaper. The interior and Algarve interior offer very accessible markets.
Strategy: arrive with a 2–3 month furnished bridge or sublet, then settle once AIMA appointment, NIF and bank account are sorted.
Furnished apartments and short-term, bookable from abroad:
Student accommodation through Serviços de Acção Social (SAS) at each university — apply early after admission. Wait times can be significant; cooperative student residences and private student-housing operators (Smart Studios, Milestone) supplement.
Rental market specifics: Portugal uses registered tenancy contracts (contrato de arrendamento registado) with the Autoridade Tributária. Deposit: typically 1–2 months. Fiador (guarantor) is sometimes requested but less universal than in Italy. Rental contracts under the Novo Regime de Arrendamento Urbano (NRAU) typically run 1–3 years renewable.
NIF (Número de Identificação Fiscal) — Portugal's tax-and-identification number. Without NIF, almost no Portuguese-life-administration is possible. Three paths:
Non-EU residents typically need a fiscal representative (representante fiscal) for the NIF, as Portuguese tax law requires non-EU residents to have a fiscal representative until they obtain residence and a Portuguese address.
Bank account before arrival:
Portuguese bank account opening at traditional banks (Caixa Geral de Depósitos, Millennium BCP, Santander Totta, Novobanco, BPI, Banco Best) requires NIF and proof of address. ActivoBank (Millennium subsidiary) and N26 Portugal offer fully online opening with Portuguese IBAN.
Portuguese SIM / eSIM:
Digital identity and apps:
Apps to install before arrival:
Most non-EU nationals apply for the relevant visto at the Portuguese embassy or consulate in their country of residence. For most categories, AIMA pre-authorisation or a directly-approved category-D visa is the entry document. After arrival, the visa is converted into a Autorização de Residência (residence permit) at AIMA.
Standard documents for the visa application: passport, photos, financial-means proof, contract (work) or admission letter (studies) or proof of activity (D7/D8), accommodation evidence, health insurance, police clearance, NIF if obtained in advance.
Application fees: variable by category, typically €90 for entry visa plus €155–€340 for the residence permit at AIMA in Portugal.
Portugal has a publicly-funded universal healthcare system through the Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS). Once you are registered with a local Centro de Saúde, you have access to a médico de família (family doctor) and SNS services with modest co-payments (taxas moderadoras, capped, often waived for low-income or specific categories — abolished for most users in 2022).
For the first weeks before SNS registration, take a traveller's health insurance (Allianz Travel, AXA Schengen). Many residence-permit categories require valid health insurance for the application (for example D7, D8); options include Médis, Multicare, AdvanceCare, plus international plans (Cigna Global, William Russell) widely accepted.
Financial proof: D7 typically requires at least €870/month equivalent income; D8 at least €3 480/month (2026 reference); students need typically €7 200/year equivalent. For D3 EU Blue Card, the contract is the proof. There is no Sperrkonto-equivalent; bank statements, pension certificates, or proof of activity are standard.
Links and sources
Forms and downloads
Contact points
Country-specific particularities you might not anticipate even from the surrounding-EU vantage point. Not exhaustive — observable facts that shape everyday life or administrative reality.
AIMA appointment for residence permit, NIF (if not obtained in advance), Portuguese bank account, NISS for social security, SNS user registration, junta de freguesia residence registration, Chave Móvel Digital activation.
The first weeks in Portugal hinge on the AIMA appointment, which since the SEF→AIMA transition has been a real bottleneck — appointments are often booked 6–18 months ahead, with regional variation. The provisional application receipt protects legal stay until the appointment.
Once in Portugal with a category-D visa, the residence-permit conversion runs through AIMA. Schedule the appointment as soon as possible — ideally as the first administrative step. At the appointment:
In the meantime, you receive a comprovativo (receipt) that serves as provisional proof of legal residence. Keep digital and printed copies accessible.
If the NIF was not obtained through the consulate or a fiscal representative before arrival, request it in person at any Finanças (Autoridade Tributária) office. Documents:
The NIF is issued same day as a paper certificate; the plastic card is no longer issued (the NIF is included in the Cartão de Cidadão for citizens, otherwise it remains a number-only identifier for non-residents until they get the residence-permit card). The NIF enables:
Once you have a permanent address, register at the Junta de Freguesia of your district to obtain a Atestado de Residência (residence certificate) — useful for several subsequent procedures (banking, NISS, healthcare). Documents:
The atestado is issued for a small fee (€2–€5) on the spot or within a few days.
With NIF and proof of address (or AIMA receipt for non-residents), you can open an account at Caixa Geral de Depósitos, Millennium BCP, Santander Totta, Novobanco, BPI, or fully digital options like ActivoBank, Banco Best, N26 Portugal, Revolut. Documents typically required:
The Número de Identificação da Segurança Social (NISS) is your social-security identifier, required for legal employment. It is typically requested by the employer when starting work; for self-employed and freelancers, you request it directly at a Loja de Cidadão or via the Segurança Social Direta portal.
Documents:
Once you have NISS, you can register on Segurança Social Direta (seg-social.pt) for online access to social-security records, declarations, and benefits.
With NIF, NISS, and proof of residence, register at your local Centro de Saúde as an SNS user. Documents:
You select a médico de família (family doctor) from the available list at the Centro de Saúde — though family-doctor allocation has waiting lists in Lisbon, Porto and Algarve due to systemic GP shortages. Until allocation, you have access to walk-in consultations.
The número de utente do SNS (SNS user number) is issued once registration is complete. It enables:
With the residence-permit card or other Portuguese identity document, NIF, and Portuguese phone number, activate the Chave Móvel Digital (CMD) at any Espaço Cidadão or directly online via the activated phone (depending on document type). CMD enables:
With NIF, bank account, NISS, atestado de residência and stable employment or studies, the standard rental market opens. Sources:
Standard rental documentation: NIF, identity document, employment contract or income proof, deposit (1–2 months). The registered contract is filed by the landlord at Finanças within 30 days; verify this happens, as it affects atestado-de-residência issuance and other procedures.
Links and sources
Forms and downloads
Portuguese language pathway through Português Língua de Acolhimento (PLA) courses, Ordens registration completion, first IRS filing cycle, integration into Portuguese networks including the substantial CPLP-country diaspora.
Portuguese-language ability shapes integration speed in Portugal, though the urban professional sectors operate increasingly in English:
For permanent residence and naturalisation, the A2 Portuguese exam is required — administered through the CIPLE examination (managed by Camões IP) at recognised centres, or through the Ministério da Educação standard tests. CPLP-country citizens are typically exempt from the language test.
For regulated professions, the path that began in phase 1 reaches its operational stage:
For non-regulated technical fields (IT, much of consulting), DGES recognition plus solid English- or Portuguese-language skills typically suffices.
Portugal's tax year aligns with the calendar year. The annual tax return IRS (Imposto sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Singulares) is filed via the Portal das Finanças between April and June of the year following the tax year. For simple cases, the return is pre-filled (declaração automática).
For salaried employees, the employer applies monthly IRS withholding (retenção na fonte) through standard payroll. Annual reconciliation through the IRS declaration; refunds (or balancing payments) typically processed in July–August.
Common deductions:
Portugal had a NHR (Non-Habitual Resident) regime offering significant tax benefits for new residents, which was substantially reformed and effectively closed to new applicants in 2024 (replaced by a narrower Tax Incentive for Scientific Research and Innovation). Confirm current status at Finanças — the NHR remains relevant for those who registered before the cutoff.
Tax treaties between Portugal and most countries prevent double taxation; check the relevant treaty on portaldasfinancas.gov.pt.
Portuguese civil society and migrant-support infrastructure is well-developed:
Portuguese social networks tend to form around café and esplanada culture, futebol supporter groups, church-organised activities (Catholic Portugal retains broad cross-class meeting infrastructure), regional and migrant-community associations.
With NIF and stable Portuguese work contract or studies, the rental market opens fully via Idealista, Imovirtual and direct landlord channels. Property purchase by non-EU citizens is permitted with very few restrictions (Portugal is one of the most open EU markets for non-EU buyers, though the Golden Visa real-estate track was narrowed in 2023). Portuguese mortgage market is accessible after 1–2 years of Portuguese tax history; non-residents can access non-resident mortgage products with higher down payments (typically 30–40 %).
Links and sources
Multiple perspectives
What the data says
At first glance, Portugal looks weak in the indicators: GDP per capita below the EU average, minimum wage below Germany or Spain. But this view misses what Portugal actually is. Until 25 April 1974, the Salazar dictatorship (Estado Novo) had ruled for 41 years — Portugal was one of Western Europe's poorest countries, with high illiteracy and mass emigration to France, Germany, the United States and Brazil. Today, fifty years after the Carnation Revolution and 38 years after the 1986 EU accession, Portugal is a stable democracy, consistently in the upper half of the World Happiness Report, regularly in the top ten of the RSF Press Freedom Index, with a daily life that runs noticeably calmer. Quality of life is more than gross domestic product.
Practical upsides
Safety, climate, community: Portugal has one of Europe's lowest crime rates, a mild Atlantic climate year-round, grown neighbourhood structures. English is widely spoken — unlike in Spain, Italy or France, you can navigate Lisbon, Porto and the Algarve as an English-speaking third-country national for a long while. The naturalisation path of five years is among the most accessible in the EU — A2 Portuguese suffices. Lusophone reciprocity gives citizens of Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique and São Tomé easier paths. The Lisbon tech hub has been a sustained ecosystem since Web Summit 2016, Erasmus programmes have turned Coimbra and Porto into international student cities, and tourism employment now extends well beyond the seasonal jobs.
Practical downsides
Wages are low in EU comparison — anyone looking for top graduate salaries finds them less often in Portugal than in DE, NL or the Nordics. The rental market in Lisbon and Porto has been strained since around 2017 — short-term tourist rentals and the Golden Visa effect (running until 2023) lifted central-square-metre prices to Western European levels while wages didn't keep up. AIMA (formerly SEF) has run significant residence-permit backlogs since the 2023 reform — many third-country nationals wait long. The political climate shifted right after the 2024 elections; the migration-friendly phase of the 2010s and early 2020s is not a given, and residence rules are under adjustment pressure.
What research finds
Eurostat quality-of-life research has for years shown that GDP per capita captures only one dimension — safety, health care, social capital, climate and time wealth are separate axes on which Portugal scores higher. The Banco de Portugal and INE document the change since 1986: GDP per capita more than doubled, life expectancy rose by more than five years, illiteracy fell from double-digit to near zero. Migration Policy Institute analyses of third-country nationals' experience in Portugal show satisfaction values often higher than the wage discussion would suggest — especially for migrants who weigh safety, climate and grown diaspora (Brazilian and African-Lusophone communities in particular) heavily.
Questions to ask yourself
Permanent residence after five years, family reunification, employment changes, integration into Portuguese civil society.
The years between arrival and the five-year mark are where Portugal's reputation as one of the more accessible EU destinations meets the post-2024 administrative reality. The AIMA transition from the former SEF (Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras) has produced a backlog of pending cases that, depending on the district, can stretch first renewals and family-reunification applications well beyond the official timelines. The political conversation around migration has also become more contested since 2024 in ways that affect day-to-day practice — without changing the underlying Lei dos Estrangeiros (Lei 23/2007) framework. As a non-EU resident in this phase you are inside the system: you have a título de residência, a NIF and NISS, a Portuguese bank account and probably basic Portuguese. The next decisions are about consolidation rather than entry.
The autorização de residência permanente is the consolidation step most non-EU residents aim for. Conditions are 5 years of legal residence on a renewable permit, sufficient and stable means of support, no serious criminal convictions, basic Portuguese knowledge (typically A2, demonstrated via CIPLE or recognised qualification), and no extended absences. Citizens of CPLP countries — Brazil, Cabo Verde, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Timor-Leste, Equatorial Guinea — are usually exempt from the language exam because Portuguese is a heritage or first language. Practically, build the file early: AIMA has been issuing permanent permits more slowly than statutory targets since the SEF transition, and starting six to nine months before your 5-year anniversary is reasonable. There is also a parallel EU long-term resident status valid for onward mobility within the EU; for most people staying in Portugal the simpler permanent permit suffices.
Family reunification (reagrupamento familiar) under the Lei dos Estrangeiros covers spouses, registered partners, minor children, dependent adult children in education, and dependent parents. You must show stable income (referenced to the Indexante dos Apoios Sociais, scaled to family size), suitable housing, and a clean record; CPLP applicants benefit from procedural simplifications. Where a partner is an EU citizen exercising free-movement rights, the rules are more generous than for non-EU sponsors — a structural difference that matters when you compare your situation to colleagues from EU member states. AIMA's appointment scarcity affects this track too; many families bridge the wait with the provisional comprovativo while documentation is being processed.
Changing employer or moving from employment into self-employment is generally feasible without leaving the country: Portugal allows internal conversions between residence-permit categories with relatively limited friction for D3 (highly qualified) and Blue Card holders, somewhat more for D1 (subordinate work) holders. Self-employment requires registration with Finanças and Segurança Social as trabalhador independente. The CNAIM centres in Lisbon, Porto and Faro and the local CLAIM partners remain the cheapest legal-and-administrative gateway, alongside Solidariedade Imigrante, SOS Racismo, and the trade unions CGTP-IN and UGT. The post-2024 political climate around migration has not changed your underlying rights, but it has affected how some employers and landlords behave in marginal cases — a pragmatic note rather than a partisan one. For structural background, see the topic article Integration courses and accompanying programs — what each EU state offers.
Links and sources
Naturalisation typically after five years of residence (with reduced requirements for CPLP citizens), with A2 Portuguese requirement; dual citizenship broadly permitted.
After five years or more in Portugal, two distinct paths open up: the autorização de residência permanente as a non-EU resident, or nacionalidade portuguesa — Portuguese citizenship through naturalisation. Both are reachable, both carry different rights, and the choice does not have to be made all at once. Many non-EU residents live for years on the permanent permit and only move to citizenship when family planning, voting in the country where you actually live, or passport mobility tip the balance. Portugal occupies an unusual position in EU comparisons: its naturalisation timeline is among the shortest, its language requirement is moderate, and dual citizenship is permitted — a structural opening that matters for non-EU readers, even if the procedural side has slowed under AIMA.
The autorização de residência permanente is the open-ended permit. Conditions are 5 years of legal residence, stable income, basic Portuguese knowledge (A2, with the CPLP exemption), no serious criminal record, and no extended absences. The card is renewed every 5 years but the underlying status is open-ended; it gives full access to the labour market and Portuguese welfare services. A parallel EU long-term resident status under Directive 2003/109 enables onward mobility within the EU. For many non-EU residents the permanent permit is the destination, not a stepping stone — particularly for those whose tax or family ties to the country of origin make a passport change unattractive.
Nacionalidade portuguesa through naturalisation runs under the updated Lei da Nacionalidade. The core residence requirement is 5 years of legal residence (reduced from 6 in the 2018 reform — the threshold itself has been a moving target in recent legislative debates, so confirm current rules at the time of application). Other conditions are A2 Portuguese through CIPLE or a recognised qualification (CPLP nationals exempt), no serious criminal convictions (sentences over 3 years are typically disqualifying), and demonstrated ties to the Portuguese community — assessed broadly rather than as a high bar. The application goes through the Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado (IRN) at a Loja de Cidadão; the legal target is around 2 years but in practice 1.5 to 3 years is realistic. Portugal allows dual citizenship, so renouncing your existing nationality is not required from the Portuguese side; whether your country of origin permits it is governed by its own law. Compared with Italy's 10-year non-EU route or Greece's 7-year route, Portugal's 5-year threshold is one of the more accessible naturalisation paths in the EU — a fact worth flagging explicitly for non-EU readers comparing destinations. Other routes include marriage to a Portuguese citizen (3 years plus demonstrated ties) and jure sanguinis for descendants of Portuguese citizens born abroad.
Voting rights in Portugal are unusually layered, and worth understanding before deciding between the permanent permit and citizenship. Citizens of CPLP states — most consistently Brazil and Cabo Verde under bilateral reciprocity treaties — can register to vote and stand in Portuguese local elections on terms close to those of EU citizens, sometimes after a relatively short period of legal residence, depending on the agreement. Other non-EU residents can register to vote in local (municipal) elections after three years of legal residence, on a reciprocity basis with their country of origin (the list is updated periodically by Decreto-Lei). This is a positive exception in the EU landscape: most member states grant local voting rights only to citizens or to EU nationals. National elections, the European Parliament, and presidential elections remain restricted to Portuguese citizens — and to EU citizens for the European Parliament — so full political participation still requires naturalisation.
The decision is rarely just legal. Taking on Portuguese citizenship can feel like a recognition of a life already rooted in the country, a difficult break with a country of origin whose passport carries strong meaning, or a clear-eyed choice about mobility, voting and inheritance. There is no correct answer, and people from the same Brazilian, Cabo Verdean, Angolan or third-country background often choose differently. For structural background, see the topic article Identity after five years — who you are when you're no longer just arriving.
Links and sources
Bureaucratic terms that appear on this country page, briefly explained.
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Naturalisation
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Social security
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Work & job search